B.+Cells+to+Systems

= **__ A ____ pplication __** = Meagan- Our bodies are made up of millions of cells. These cells contain information that helps to make us who we are. Our cells are continually being replaced by new cells. DNA molecules give us a special code as well for who we are. If there is a fault in an individual's DNA, they may have a genetic defect. As an OTA, I will be working with individuals who have these genetic defects. It will be important to understand how and why their defect occured. Understanding metabolism will be important as well because it will help me to understand why perhaps individuals are feeling lethargic or sluggish. This depends on the way our bodies perform energy conservation and cellular respiration. I have some friends who are vegitarians and wonder how their bodies perform energy conservation differently than those who are not vegitarians. Also, I will be dealing with individuals who have different muscular disorders. Understanding the different types of muscle tissues and how they work will help me to better prepare for my clients with muscular disorders.

Kalli- Without cells, we would have nothing inside our bodies. Anyone in the medical field works with patients who do not have perfect genomes, perfect bodies, or perfect DNA. As an OTA, it is our job to help those who have issues with doing their everyday activities or what we like to call "occupations". Our main goal is to rehabilitate patients back to the state of functioning they maintained before their injury. As a part of this goal, we must deal with whatever cell situation that patient has in order to keep up with the patient. Without cells, our bodies would not have tissues, which make up organs, which make up organ systems, which make up us! As a medical professional, we must understand how every cycle in the body changes, what would make the process different, and how the processes change our bodies. Thus, our desire and obligation to take physiology is completely useful!

Christine- As a nurse cells and DNA are an important aspect of our job. A lot of times we need to know about certain diseases and their symptoms that are caused by DNA mutations or inherited disease. In our our DNA the letters A, T, G, and C are matched with their respective letters to form a codon which then produces amino acids and finally genes. If one of these letters is mutated or changed it can make a whole other codon and amino acid which can cause serious problems in our bodies. Although we don't see it much in our area by changing just one letter in our gene sequence some children get sickle cell anemia. This serious disease mostly seen in African Americans causes their red blood cells to be oddly shaped often getting stuck in their blood vessels and carrying less oxygen. Like this disease and many others we as nurses should know about these diseases and their symptoms to help our patients most effectively.

@http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitdna/inh01.jsp http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001554/ =**__ Content Summary __**= Each cell is made up of three parts: the cytoplasm, the nucleus and the plasma membrane

In the cytoplasm we have different organelles in our cell that have different functions 1. __**Lysosomes-**__ These are the sac like organelles that contain enzymes. They are sometimes also known as "suicide bags" because if they were to break their digestive enzyme would kill the cell. This can sometimes be a natural process called apoptosis.

2.**__Mitochondria-__** Is also known as the power house. This is where energy is produced. Mitochondria is unique in that it has its own DNA.

3. **__Ribosomes-__** This is where protein's are manufactured. In order for the messenger RNA to read the sequence of amino acids it must first enter the ribosomes.

4.__**Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum**__- These have ribosomes on the outside of their surface and and aids in protein synthesis

5. __**Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum**__- These have NO ribosomes and aid in lipid synthesis and Calcium storage

6. __**Golgi Bodies**__- These move finished products such as lipids and proteins to their final location

All information was found in //Fundamentals of Human Physiology// and our notes



@http://www.animalport.com/animal-cells.html

__**There are four main types of tissues in our body**__

1. Epithelial Tissue- functions include a barrier, secretion, and absorption. a. layers- simple (one layer) or stratified (many) b. shape- squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar

@http://lima.osu.edu/biology/archive/epithelial_tissue.htm

2. Connective tissue- functions include: connection, structure, support, and transportation a. Loose Connective Tissue- they have many cells but few fibers b. Dense Connective Tissue- has few cells but dense fiber c. Cartilage d. Bone e. Blood

http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/1409connective.htm

3. Muscle Tissue- functions include: movement a. skeletal- striated, under voluntary control ex: leg muscles b. smooth- not striated, involuntary control ex: muscles in your stomach c. cardiac- striated, involuntary control ex: heart

@http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/1409connective.htm

4. Nerve Tissue-functions include: communication

@http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/neuron2.9-6.jpg

Genes, Genome, and Proteomes
**Genes** - sequence of DNA containing information needed to make proteins with the proper amino acid squence Picture- []


 * Genome **- the total of all genes in the human body, 25,000 genes.

Picture- []

media type="youtube" key="WBE8Mn9ts6A" height="315" width="560" Video-[]

**Proteome** - all the different proteins produced in the human body, 100,000 proteomes.

It is important to note that genes can encode for more than 1 protein Not all genes in a person's genome are active Different types of cells express different sets of genes within the person's genome

Information on genes, genome, and proteomes came from Human Physiology notes Chapter2, Part 2: Genes, genomes, and proteomes

=**__ Essential Question/ Case Study __**= Cells are considered the basic structure and function of the human body. What is meant by that statement? Cells go through mitosis in order to divide into more cells. Without the mitosis process, none of our cells would be able to share the DNA found in each of their nuclei. The mitosis process includes: -prophase (chromosomes are present) -metaphase (chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell) -anaphase (centromeres split and sister chromatids separate as each is pulled towards opposite pole) -telephase (cells actually separate) Without this process, our cells would not divide, making more cells, thus could not make tissues, organs, organ systems, and thus, could not make an organism.