K.+Respiratory+System

=**__ Application __**= === **Meagan- I was very interested in the respiratory unit. Without oxygen, our bodies would not be able to function properly. This is the same as with blood, without it we would be in big trouble!! The functions of the respiratory system include exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and blood and also regulation of blood and tisse pH. As an OTA, I may be working with individuals who have respiratory disorders, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD). It will be my responsibilty to know the limits of individuals who have COPD and how much work they are able to perform. I will need to incorporate rest breaks into their therapy session and teach them breathing techniques because of their difficulty in breathing. Right now I am going to Jenkins for my fieldwork and there is a resident who has COPD. He always has to have his oxygen with him at all times. He has his own oxygen in the dining room so he does not have to lug it around. It is difficult watching this man going through what he is, but someday I will be able to help people like him!** ===

Kalli - One never actually thinks about what is happening inside their body when they are taking a deep breath of fresh air until you take a physiology class. I have never quite known what was happening when I was just breathing normal, let alone when I was exercising. For someone with COPD or pulmonary disease of any kind, it would be a lot of work for them to breathe normally let alone do something with a lot of stress on their lungs like climbing the stairs or walking around their house. As an OTA, I would help these clients find ways to adapt to their lives in order to not put as much stress on their breathing as they normally would. Different techniques or methods of doing things, such as walking, taking stairs, or any kind of exercise may help the client lead an easier life or maybe even help them succeed in something they never could have before!

Christine- Breathing is the most essential thing to maintain in any health field. If your patient is not breathing you do not have a patient. When trained as a nurse we are taught that the first thing we need to deal with is the patient's breathing rate. A normal breathing rate is between 12-20 breaths/min. If the patient's respirations are slower or faster than the normal range there may be a number of problems that need to be dealt with. It is our responsibility to monitor the patient's respirations and then take the necessary steps to make sure their respirations are within the normal limits. =**__ Content Summary __**= = **1. The blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.** = = = = Hemogloban in the RBC passing through the lungs bings to oxygen, so that the systemic arterial blood contains about 97% oxyhemoglobin. As the blood travels through the systemic capilaries, about 1/5 of its oxygen is unloaded to the tissues for cell respiration. The extent of this unloading depends on the pH and temperature of the tissue and on the RBC content of a molecule called 2,3-BPG. These increase oxygen unloading as the tissues' need for oxygen increases. Carbon dioxide is transported primarily as bi-carbonate in the plasma, which is converted back into carbon dioxide as the blood passes through the lungs. = = = = In order for blood to have a normal content of oxygen, (1) breathing must be normal, producing a normal arterial P O2, (2) the red blood cell count must be in the normal range, (3) there must be a normal concentration of hemogloban, and (4) the hemogloban must be in a normal form. = = = = = = =

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media type="youtube" key="WXOBJEXxNEo" height="315" width="420" Information came from Fundamentals of Human Physiology Book Chapter 12.

= 2. Breathing helps maintain homeostasis of the blood pH. = = = == Bretathing regulates the arterial P CO2 and thus the amount of carbonic acid in the blood which is called the respiratory component of acid-base balance. Hypoventilation raises the P CO2 and thus lowers the pH to produce respiratory acidosis while hyperventilation lowers the P CO2 and thus raises the pH to produce respiratory alkalosis. Normal blood pH is 7.4. The kidneys regulate the availability of free bicarbonate in the plasma, and regulate the metabolic component of acid-base balance, while the lungs regulate the respiratory component. ==

information came from Fundamentals of Human Physiology Book Chapter 12.



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picture- [] Information came from Fundamentals of Human Physiology Book Chapter 12.

= 3. Pulmonary function can be tested by spirometry. = = = == The health of the lungs is commonly tested by measuring the amount of air inhaled or exhaled into a measuring device called a spirometer, in a technique called spirometry. The data is recorded on a spirogram. ==

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Picture- [] Information- Chapter 12 Respiratory System, Part 1 Breathing and Gas Exchange notes = = =media type="youtube" key="6kbgZWS5wH0" height="315" width="560"=

=**__ Essential Question __**=

How is ventilation accomplished? Incorporate the role of Boyle's Law, as well as the action of muscles, volume change and pressure change in the thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation.
== Ventilation is the the process of bringing air into and out of the lungs so that gas exchange with teh blood can occur. Because of the gas exchange, the blood in the pulmonary veins leaving the lungs has higher oxygen and lower carbon dioxide concentrations that the blood going to the lungs in the pulmonary arteries. In order for gas exchange to occur, fresh air must be channeled through the conducting zone of the respiratory system to the respiratory zone. == == Boyle’s Law explains how this works because it states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. So when inspiration occurs there is an increase in lung volume and a decrease intrapulmonary pressure. When expiration occurs there is a decrease in lung volume and an increase the intrapulmonary pressure. == == The lung volume increases during inspriation, causing the pressure within the lungs (the intrapulmonary pressure) to drop below the atmospheric pressure (to -3mmHg). The lung volume decresaes during expiration, raising the intrapulmonary pressure above the atmospheric pressure (to +3mmHg). These changes occur because of changes in the thoracic volume. ==