N.+Digestive+System

= Application = ===** Meagan- This chapter made me think about what I put into my body daily. It is important to feed our bodies with proper nutrients so we can get the energy and fuel that we need on a daily basis. What we digest and consume helps to make our other body systems function properly. I did learn two interesting things from this chapter. I did not know what carbohydrate digestion is in the mouth and not in the stomach. That leads to the second interesting thing I learned. Like everyone else, I thought digestion occured in the stomach, but it occurs in the small intestine. I have been on a health kick this semester, I exercise, eat healthier foods, and get to bed around 10pm almost every night. After learning about the digestive system, I am going to focus more on what I am feeding to my body. It's like they say, what we put into our body is what we get out of it. **===

= = =Kalli - The digestive system is one of those systems that affects everything else in the body. Our overall well-being depends on the digestive system. As an OTA, nutrition and diet really isn't our strong suit but what our patients and clients eat will have a huge impact on how they perform during therapy. If our clients eat nutritious and do their exercises as they are supposed to, they will most likely succeed and regain their functional abilities. However, if they are unhealthy and do not do their exercises, the clients will be more probable to struggle and only regain some if any of their functional abilities. What we eat affects not only our health but our over all well-being and our abilities.= = Content = =1. __The Esophagus__= ===The esophagus is the main tube (about 25 cm long) that transports food and water to the stomach from the pharynx. The superior 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of skeletal muscle, the middle 1/3 is a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle, and the last 1/3 is only smooth muscle. The movement of food in the esophagus, and throughout the GI tract is done through the process of peristalsis. Peristalsis is defined as wavelike contractions of smooth muscle. After the bolus (food and water) moves down the esophagus, it is emptied into the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter.=== = = [] =media type="youtube" key="4aXT7h38tSM" height="315" width="560"= = = [] =2. __Gastric Regulation__=
 * Christine- Diet and nutrition are an important aspect of a nurse's responsibility. It is our responsibility to make sure that the patient is eating a well balanced meal and is getting the proper electrolytes and fluids to keep them healthy but to also heal. This usually includes increasing proteins, increasing vitamins, getting a balanced amount of carbohydrates and reducing the amount of fat they put into their body. Carbohydrates are broken down to give the patient energy and proteins help with the healing process. While fats are important in our diet they should be limited because too much fat can cause health problems. **

Gastric regulation is divied into 3 phases known as the cephalic phase, the gastric phase, and the intestinal phase.

 * ===The cephalic phase refers to regulation of the stomach by the brain (mainly vagus nerve). This stimulation causes gastric secretions in anticipation of a meal through sight, smell, or thought of food. The vagus nerves then stimulate the G cells to secrete gastrin, and the ECL cells to secrete histamine. Gastrin also stimulates the ECL cells to secrete histamine, which stimulates the parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid.===
 * ===The gastric phase is stimulated by the arrival of food in the stomach. When foods are partially digested, the shorter polypeptides and amino acids stimulate pepsinogen and gastrin secretion. Gastrin then stimulates increased pepsinogen secretion from the chief cells and histamine secretion of ECL cells. Histamine stimulates the parietal cells to secrete the hydrochloric acid.===
 * ===Lastly, the intestinal phase refers to the inhibition of the stomach that occurs when chyme enters the small intestine which stimulates sensory neurons. These sensory neurons evoke a neural reflex that inhibits gastric motility and secretion. The presences of fat in the chyme aslo stimulates the secretion of intestinal hormones (enterogastrones) that have an inhibitory effect on the stomach. These hormones are used to keep fatty chyme in the stomach for a longer period of time to allow the intestine fore time to process the fatty chyme.===

source: Fundamentals of Physiology

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=3. __Functions of the Liver__= The liver is the first organ to receive the absorbed molecules from the intestine. A partial list of the hepatic functions includes but is not limited to: =media type="youtube" key="pAt3nc51OMA" height="315" width="420"= [] = = = = = Essential Question/ Case Study = = = = =
 * Productions and secretion of bile (Bile salts emulsify fat, aid in fat digestion and bilirubin allows its elimination from the blood)
 * Detoxication of the blood (Phagocytosis by Kupffer cells, urea, uric acid, and other wastes are produced)
 * Regulation of blood glucose (liver removes excess glucose from blood and stores glycogen and can secrete glucose into the blood)
 * Metabolism of lipids (liver excretes cholesterol from the blood by converting it into bile acids, produces ketone bodies from free fatty acids)
 * Synthesis of plasma proteins ( liver produces albumin which is responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of blood and carrier proteins for non-polar hormones and lipids)
 * ** Molecule ** || __ Carbohydrates __ || __ Proteins __ || __ Lipids __ ||
 * ** Where the nutrient is digested in the digestive system ** || Begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase. Starch digestion resumes in the chyme in the small intestine (duodenum) || Begins in the stomach but most protein digestion occurs in the duodenum and jejunum || Digested almost exclusively in the small intestine ||
 * ** The enzymes that help to hydrolyze the molecules ** || Salivary Amylase, Pancreatic Amylase || Pepsin, pancreatic juice enzymes, trypsin || CCK, bile, pancreatic juice, pancreatic lipase ||
 * ** How the nutrient is absorbed ** || Individual glucose molecules are moved through the intestinal epithelial cells and released into the blood capillaries within the villi and are then drained into the hepatic portal and pass through the liver. || Free amino acids are transported through the intestinal epithelial cells and released into the blood capillaries of the villi and are then drained into the hepatic portal and pass through the liver. || Reabsorbed by lymphatic system ||
 * ** How the body uses the molecule (nutrient) ** || these molecules are used as fuel to produce energy. This energy used to perform many functions in the body, including making different tissues and in building and repairing processes. || Protein is necessary for the building and repairing of the body || Used for cell respiration by skeletal muscles or for the syntheses of new fat molecules in the adipose cells ||

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