J.+Blood+and+Circulation

=**__Application __**= ====** Meagan- I find the heart a very interesting organ in our bodies. It is the life of our bodies! Without the heart, there would be no blood pumpe to our bodies to enable us to survive and live. My Grandpa had open heart surgery and also had a pacemaker put in. After reading this chapter, I have a better understanding of how the heart works and what was not right with my Grandpa's heart. The aorta is a major blood vessel that pumps blood to the body, so it is essential that the valve is functioning properly. And I have to be honest, I was not sure what systolic and diastolic blood pressure was. But....now I know that systolic is the contraction and diastolic is the relaxation. I already knew that I was O negative for my blood type, but I was never sure who could receive my blood and who's blood I could receive if in an emergency. I now know that any blood type can receive my blood and I can only receive O negative blood. This may be good to know, just in case :) **==== =Christine- As nurses blood is an important factor in our job everyday. We constantly look at labs to check the white blood count, the red blood count, and the platelets to see what is going on with our patient. We also check the blood pressure on a patient at least every four hours if not more depending on the severity of the patient. A blood pressure tells us a lot depending if it is high, low, or normal. We make a lot of nursing diagnosis depending on the patient's blood pressure and pulse and what our next action is to help this person out. = =//Kalli- The heart is our most amazing and needed organ in our body, for without it (or a pacemaker) we would not be able to live on this beautiful earth. Without the heart, blood would not be able to reach our organs, get to our lungs to get oxygen, or fight diseases. As an OTA, we obviously do not deal with as much blood as doctors or nurses but it is still important for us to know what kind of blood diseases are out their, what blood diseases can do to a person, and what causes things such as a stroke because these are all examples of a possible background for a patient. //= =**__Content Summary __**= =__Types of blood cells __=

1. __//**basophils**//__- white blood cell

Basophils are the smallest of the leukocytes that comprise 0.5% of the total count of leukocytes. These granulocytes contain heparin and help with the allergic reactions.

2. __//**Eosinophil**//__- white blood cell

Eosinophils are mature granulocytes that have a one to three lobe nucleus. They comprise 1-4% of the leukocytes and help with allergic reactions along with parasitic infections.

3. __//**Neutrophils**//__- white blood cell

Neutrophils are the most common type of lood cells that comprise 50-70% of the white blood cells. These cells are responsible for fighting infections. They do this by engulfing other cells.

4. __//**Lymphocyte**//__- white blood cell

The two most common types: B & T cells. These cells help make antibodies and fight inflammation.

5. __//**Monocyte**//__-white blood cell

A monocyte is an immature macrophage. They have a kidney shaped nucleus and fight infection.



6. __//**Erythrocytes**//__- red blood cells

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: "Comic Sans MS",cursive; font-size: 120%;">Erythrocytes are mainly made up of hemoglobin. They are responsible for the transport of oxygen and the return of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.



http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/eos.htm http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/basophil.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-neutrophils.htm http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Blood.html#lymphocytes http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/monocyte.htm http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/rbc.htm

__//**<span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Hypertension **//__

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure. High blood pressure is when a person has a blood pressure that reads 140/90 or higher for a prolong amount of time. Risk factors for hypertension include:
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">the African American race
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">obesity
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">stress
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">an over abundance of alcohol consumption
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">a high sodium diet
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">a family history of high blood pressure
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">diabetes
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">smoking

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Symptoms of hypertension include: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">However with most people there are usually no symptoms. The symptoms above are pretty vague and can be symptoms of other diseases. Most people realize that they have hypertension when they see their physician.
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">severe headaches
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">nausea and vomiting
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">confusion
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">a change in vision
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">nosebleeds

<span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Treatment may include: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most of the treatments are lifestyle changes. With some people hypertension can be regulated with simple changes as long as they stick with a healthy diet, don't smoke, and exercise on a regular diet. However, this is easier said then done and with others they may have to take blood pressure medications to help regulate their blood pressure.
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">medications that lower blood pressure
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">eating a diet lower in sodium
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">exercise regularly
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">quit smoking
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">limit your alcohol consumption
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">regulate your diabetes
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">reduce stress
 * <span style="color: #008080; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">maintain a healthy body weight

@http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001502/

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<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Anemia

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Anemia is a disease that effects the red blood cells. An anemic patient doesn't have nearly as much hemoglobin in their blood as a normal person. There are many types of anemia.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Causes of Anemia may include:
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">certain medications
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">chronic diseases
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">genetics
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">kidney failure
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">poor diet
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">bone marrow problems
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">immune system issues
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">iron deficiency
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">B12 deficiency
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">a folate deficiency
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">blood loss

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Symptoms may include:
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">lightheaded
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">headaches
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">fatigue
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">shortness of breath
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">difficulties concentrating
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">chest pain
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">tingling

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Treatment for anemic patients include: <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The treatment really depends on the type of anemia the person has.
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">blood transfusions for blood loss
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">supplements such as iron, B12, folic acid and other vitamins
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">medications that suppress the immune system
 * <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">medications that helps your bone marrow make more red blood cells

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=**__<span style="color: #008000; font-family: "Palatino Linotype","Book Antiqua",Palatino,serif;">Essential Questions/ Case Study __**=

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The universal donor is the O blood type because it has no A or B antigens however O blood types can only receive O blood because they carry both the A & B antibodies.

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The universal recipient is the AB blood type because it doesn't have neither A or B antibodies so it can receive blood from A, B, AB, and O blood types.

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: "Arial Black",Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Click on the link below to see the blood types, their antigens, their antibodies, and what blood types are compatible!