M.+Urinary+System

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Kalli - As an OTA, one of our main focuses in Areas of Occupation is the Activities of Daily Living or otherwise known as ADLs. One of the subunits of the ADLs is bowel and bladder management which is very important for the health and wellbeing of the patient. Without function of the kidneys, ureters, and urethra, the body would not be able to filtrate or excrete any of the toxins and wastes filtered from the blood. Without these functions, the body would get built up with the toxins and wastes and cause difficulties in daily life. If one part of the urinary system were to fail or become blocked in any way, the body would have one less way to get rid of waste from the blood. All in all, bowel and bladder management is one of the most important activities in our daily living and without it, our bodies would be full of waste and toxins. =====

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Meagan- As an OTA, I will be working with individuals who will need help with their bowel and bladder management. I will be helping these individuals by instructing them on proper mechanics when going to the restroom. Bowel and bladder management is apart of an individuals ADLs. I will be responsible for determining what kind of apative equipment they will need and showing individuals how to use adaptive equipment and techniques for utilizing the restroom. I will also be working with caregivers to show them how the adaptive equipment is used and the proper techniques for utilizing the restroom. I may also recommend that the individual be placed on a bowel and bladder schedule to help them be on a routine. Bowel and bladder management is an ADL that everyone deals with on a daily basis and it is extremely important that people can remain as independent as possible. =====

Christine- Urinary output is a very good indicator of how our patient is doing. Often when a patient is sick we have to keep track of what is being put into the body and what is coming out of the body. If the patient isn't putting out as much urine as they should be they could be having problems with their urinary system. As nurses we keep track of their input and output by either putting a container in the toilet to catch the urine every time they void or we measure their output if they have a catheter. Sometimes their urine will also be tested to make sure that there aren't things in the urine that shouldn't be such as bile and glucose. =__Content__=

and 1 Urethra (leads to the exterior of the body)
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__Urination (Micturition)(narrated notes)__
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 * ====== Stretch receptors in the bladder wall relay signals to the micturition center in the sacral part of the spinal cord. ======
 * ====== This activates the parasympathetic nerons to the smooth muslce which induces the detrussor muscle contraction and the internal sphincter relaxation. ======
 * ====== This leads to conscious relaxation of external sphincter to enable urination. ======

__Urine Formation (narrated notes)__
Nephrons perform three processes to convert blood plasma into urine.
 * Filtration occurs when blood plasma is filtered to retain cells and proteins
 * Reabsorption occurs when valuable materials from filtrate are removed
 * Secretion occurs when additional wastes are transferred to the filtrate



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=__Essential Question/ Case Study__=

The kidney filters electrolytes in blood and maintains a balance by excreting the proper amount in the urine. An electrolyte's concentration in a solution of dissolved salts can be measured as the amount in milliequivalents (mEq) per volume of solution (i.e. per liter). Electrolytes have many functions and roles in the body. The concentration of electrolytes must be maintained within a narrow range within the blood, otherwise deleterious physiological effects may occur. Different electrolytes are discussed in the article but I have only provided a few examples that I would think as common for our society. The most common electrolyte disorder is hyponatremia, it occurs in almost 1% of all patients hospital admissions. Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low sodium in the blood, below 136 mEq per liter of blood. Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by a high concentration of sodium in the blood, above 145 mEq per liter of blood. There is too little water compared to the amount of sodium in the blood, often resulting from a low intake of water.